Stephen Hutson in Australia has decided to invest his time and money into providing the parts and pieces necessary to fabricate Slow Speed Power Plants and other ‘off the mains’ solutions. Just like here in North America there are people in Australia who live or want to live ‘outback’. Of course backup power is part of the market as well.
There is so much misinformation on the WEB, nearly everyone has an opinion and not all of them are based on hands on knowledge nor do they all support what we know about basic physics. It is very difficult for those who have less mechanical background to understand the Merits of KISS Engineering and Flywheels. My suggestion is to study basic physics and develop your critical thinking skills.
Your path to understanding the value of high Mass Flywheels might be luminated by understanding the higher efficiency of a compression ignition engine and the incredible amount of energy packed into fuel oil measured by weight or volume. Diesel fuel and kerosene are close cousins, if you own an engine like the Legendary Lister CS or clone, Kerosene is one of many fuels you can use ,adding just a little biodiesel, or some two stroke oil to increase the lubricity for the fuel pump is all you need. Straight Vegetable Oil and transesterified biofuels are on the menu as well, you need study up a bit on how to run them best, but the wide variety of fuels you can use in good times and hard times is a comfort to many of us.
But what about these big bulky flywheels, what’s the value? I might answer that all too many make the mistake of building too big of power plant, and then discovering just how thirsty they are, when you are using a generator for daily power, the efficiency of the conversion of fuel/kwh ( amount of work done for a given amount of fuel) becomes very important. The flywheel stores energy, this allows us to start and run things like deep well submersible pumps when larger and higher rated output generators fail to start them. An example might be the combination of the 6/1 CS clone and the utterpower PMG. The combination can produce huge amounts of starting power to get the pump motor up to speed, (Energy stored in flywheel) and then the pump runs at a fraction of the power that was necessary to start it. There are many generators that have a higher continuous output ratings in KW that fail to start a pump like the typical one horse power submersible we have all over North America. It is important to have a clean start, marginal generators can damage deep well pumps and lead to a VERY expensive pump pull and replacement.
But the final key to understanding the basics is in understanding the relationship between efficiency and percent load in diesels. Let’s look at some testing Electrical Engineer and Biofuel Enthusiast Jeff Maier did with the little 175 horizontal diesel.
Load = 2500W Fuel = .125 Gal / KW-Hr. 10.46 KW-Hr in 4h 6m; 1.313 gal of fuel used.
Load = 1469W Fuel = .146 Gal / KW-Hr. 5.25 KW-Hr in 3h 33m; 0.766 gal of fuel used.
Load = 1100W Fuel = .169 Gal / KW-Hr. 4.96 KW-Hr in 4h 26m; 0.836 gal of fuel used.
Load = 291W Fuel = .436 Gal / KW-Hr. 1.72 KW-Hr in 5h 54m; 0.750 gal of fuel used.
If you will take a moment to let these numbers sink in, this is typical of diesel power plants. The biggest mistake you might make is buying a large generator and then running it lightly loaded. Look how expensive it is to produce a Kilowatt Hour at low loading.
There are significant dividends paid to those who will take the time to develop a load management scheme, when the generator runs, load it to 80% or better if possible. If you are charging batteries, wash clothes, and add other daily loads at the same time to assure your fuel/kwh conversion is highest, it can make a huge difference over the course of a year. Buying a 15KW power plant when you will typically load it at 2800 watts is a huge and costly mistake, and there are many who invest in these larger power plants with no research at all. At the end of the day, the total cost of producing your own KWH of power over time is the key measure. Once you become addicted to Slow Speed, going from the musical notes this power plant produces back to the drone of higher speed power plants will drive you insane… fair warning….
All the best and good luck down under, what’s not to love about Australia and the many good people down there?
Introduction:
DIYers “Do it Yourselfers” are a small percentage of the population. As I have mentioned before, if you get us together in a room face to face, you find we have more in common that you know. A lot of us were attracted to the technical fields, some migrated from things like Human Resources to Mechanical Engineering because their passions were like a torch in the night that lighted the pathway to that more rewarding job.
I have mentioned before how curious I was about the higher than expected number of Medical Doctors in our DIYer-Off Grid-Alternative Energy group. Why is that? A few MDs responded to that question to say that the human body is another machine, and we should expect MDs to have a lot of the same traits found in the DIYer group.
I think about a younger person attempting to make it through medical school, sometimes they have a family and no money. What happens when a home repair or an auto repair is necessary? The typical DIYer quickly recalls all the recent hired repairs that have been both expensive and done wrong. It’s nearly impossible for our breed to just ‘call the repairman’, we can always think of better places to spend the money. Whether it’s to pay down school tuition, an Orthodontist’s bill for a child, or buying more and better tools. Maybe we are born with this mentality and it forces us to pry off the top and look inside at the broken gear works and see if we can repair it ourselves?
I believe I have a wonderful example of how differently DIYers respond to articles in the news in comparison to the rest of the population. As profoundly disturbing as it may be to me, about five percent of the people who found this page will even read this sentence. If I insert a picture of Paris Hilton on this page, a good percentage would click it and never return.
Here’s the example….. I’d like you to test yourself, write down a few bullet items regarding your observations after you watch the video clips above, Consider opening another window in your browser and visiting hydrovolts.com. Study their claims, their endorsements, their awards.
Make sure you watch King 5 News coverage…. now note all the awards, there’s even a Professor from the University of Washington in the video clip to demonstrate there’s interest from the professional community.
Few people outside our community will ask themselves the following questions. Critical thinking skills are quite common in our group, and becoming a rarity outside our group.
The following questions we generally ask ourselves guide us.
Question: What are the objectives of the entities that either endorse or recognize the efforts of Seattle based Hydrovolts?
Question: What is the principle goal of King 5 News OR any other Broadcasting Organization?
Seasoned DIYers are normally critical thinkers, they will have asked themselves questions like the following:
Question: This is such a basic idea, why hasn’t anyone in the last hundred years or more done this?
Question: I don’t see any factual information regarding energy potential, why is that?
For me, I recall a book put out by Reader’s Digest called “Back to Basics”, it is a book put out about traditional American skills, and it is well illustrated and like most good books, it is written to convey information and not an attempt to impress readers with colorful vocabulary or math far more elegant than necessary to cover the topic and share the facts and information
Back to Basics Book Cover
Within this book are the basics for accessing water power potential. We find the data we need on page 97. Here’s the simple formula that has not failed man for hundreds of years in accessing whether they would receive a return on their investment in time and money to construct a water works at any given location.
Even Basic knowledge is power
The formula: KW= Head in feet x velocity in feet a second/23 x area in square feet.
Their example 10 x 1.4/23 x 4.8 = 2.92 KW
As you note, this is math anyone who actually graduated from eight grade should be able to follow. But we are busy people, and those who employ critical thinking will make quick note of that decimal point, and the fact that the first part of this simple formula is ‘Head’ in feet. We quickly reflect on the focus of Hydrovolt and note their mission is to extract energy from free flowing streams and canals. We also note we can attempt to calculate some type of head figure to plug in, but at the end of our study, we will find it most appropriate to enter a ZERO. With this understanding we simply move the decimal one place to the left and realizing we can drop that part of the equation all together. Wow! in this case we have the potential energy to light the typical light and fan combo we find near the shower in a bathroom. But for the DIYer, we understand that this is only potential and there are a few losses we need consider first.
We note again the design, and after some consideration we see the only potential we can work with is the volume of water that actually comes in contact with the paddle minus the losses. Losses?… what losses? Again DIYers can’t help themselves, they usually understand quite a bit about both aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, they learn these things because that little DIYer gene makes these things so impossible to ignore, we need undertand at least the basics. We look again at the frame that houses the hydrovolt turbine, those surfaces generate eddies that can impede the flow of water at the ‘all important’ top of the paddle and less important along the sides. The folding paddle is not without its losses, there will be measureable losses as we drag these forward and set them up against the current to capture more energy.
Perhaps the best way to visualize this in the mind’s eye is understanding there is something like a duty cycle or a ratio of time where the paddle does no work VS it’s exposure to the current flow when it can harness and transfer the power to the rotating shaft. But here again, we DIYers quickly notice that the paddle is only at a right angle to the water flow for an instant. We of course know what it’s like to try and run with a piece of ply wood, and from this we can start factoring the sharp power curve downward as any paddle on the turbine advances forward at an ever greater angle until it’s contribution ends, and it becomes part of the overall losses and inefficiency of the design.
So we add up these losses and subtract them from the miniscule potential. Now we add distribution losses and more. But let’s look at irrigation canals in general, there is mention on the hydrovolt website that one of the many potential uses for the hydrovolt technology is to use their hydrovolt generator to pump water.
Most irrigation projects were funded based on their ability to provide a return on investment, this was normally measured using real economic benefit criteria, and the projects needed to pay for themselves over a realistic time period. This often caused the irrigation canals to be connstructed well above crop land where gravity flow could be used to bring the water to the point of use. If we were to use a pipe, we not only control soil erosion problems, but what happens to our energy potential as the head pressure builds? After only 10 feet of fall, we have ten times the energy potential, after 100 feet of fall, we have 100 times the energy potential.
But what we need to question is the wisdom of generating the power at a point where there is no significant energy to capture and then use that miniscule amount of energy to pump water to places it would gravity flow to in the first place. Of course, you already see the wisdom of using the more traditional turbine wheel and the head available to generate power IF you will place them closer to the point of use and make use of the powerful multiplyer “head” No wonder it’s been done differently than hydrovolt suggests for a thousands years.
Now for the important part. Why all the endorsements? How did they find a TV station to give them coverage? What about the University Professor, and all those accolades? for me it is a reminder of why our group is so different from those who visit large websites who cover the escapades of Movie Stars, Singers and Al Gore. It’s my opinion that there is a real danger here. These unworkable Alternative Energy ideas influence people in a big way, it causes them to think there is energy to be had under every rock, that it is free for the harvesting if only we can get big oil and big energy out of the way to allow it to happen. We live in dangerous times, as reality becomes far less important to the average American every day. Now we have mainstream coverage of products like the bloom box and the Chevy Volt which has already been hyped to do the impossible and no one in the Media is interested in the facts. For them viewership is most important, the survival of our nation or our way of life has no weighting on the quarterly balance sheet, and the bonuses that are dependent on meeting those quarterly objectives. The question we need ask ourselves… has our media always been so neglectful of the facts, or have we just grown older and wiser and become aware of how little interest the public, media or elected officials have in the truth?
You have a very important responsibility, it’s to think and challenge irrational ideas, if you read this far, you are one of us for certain. How rare you are!
Marc is a polarizing personality. It didn’t take me long to size him up and know I had come to the right place for my PG training. He’s a very busy man during the flying season, there are times when he can relax a little, and discuss both old and new, it might be a time around the fire pit after a day of flying.
There’s so much to learn. A key element of Paragliding is knowing about the weather, the different kinds of lift and a whole lot more, all interesting topics for the majority in our movement.
I listened to this NPR interview for the first time just last night after closing my email and adding a few items to one of my question and answer Lists, I then wrapped up the evening an prepared to turn in.
As I lay in bed and thought about Marc’s young life, I recalled my own dreams of flight, I had vivid flying dreams as well,….. as real as real! I remember an experiment at about 8 years old… I tried to ‘will’ myself into the air by mustering total concentration on the effort. No surprise to you, but my feet never left the ground. I wonder how many in the Paragliding Community experienced similar childhood dreams? What about our DIYer group? It seems we have so much in common, just start talking to another DIYer and see where the conversation leads.
Some of my closest DIYer friends follow along as I learn the very basics of PG flight, and here’s a few observations from my last wonderful flight off Tiger Mountain South East of Seattle this week.
An interesting observation? After being in the air for a bit, (solo flight #9 for me) my subconscious has accepted the fact that it’s OK to be up there. Looking past my shoes at the ground far below is now just a normal thing. Skimming the mountain side looking for lift gives you a very different perspective of trees, when I think about them, I reflect on Marc’s excitement about being a student again! I’m 62 years old, and this is all new, it reminds me of the joy I found in learning to ride a bicycle at four years old, how exciting that was, but this is even better!
When I launched last, there was a calm in my mind, no need to dedicate a slice of worry time as to how I would correct for a gust of wind, or which way I would turn. These items have been turned over to a part of my mind outside of the high priority ‘worry bin’ that gives you the taste of adrenaline and a more rapid heart rate.
With every flight, there’s more time to think about and observe the finer points. I actually listen to the Vario now and even look over at the display and read my elevation. Since my flight #8 landing required big ears to increase my sink rate in order to hit the LZ, I concentrated intently on the wind sock this time and worked to gather more data for my internal fledgling flight computer.
On this flight I had time to become amazed at how good the glide ratio actually was, the fact (after closer observation) ‘there was an element of lift’ down here closer to the ground, and my glide on the final downwind leg needed to be longer. Another element (head wind) appeared light, of course I had noted that above too as my ground speed was not drastically different running north VS south. There’s a lot to look at and dream about aloft, Allowing yourself to get carried too far downwind from the LZ means you might need the skills to land at an alternative spot, when you don’t have those skills mastered yet, it’s best to limit your day dreams to short ones.
As I close, I know much of the time in my final days may have been filled with regret for not having perused a life long dream of flight. Those who have no fascination with flight will never understand. Their brains are wired differently and for them security and safety is likely the higher priority. There are many who would trade security for freedom, and none of us need venture out of our hobbit holes to note the contest that has gone on for ages. Just what percentage of us DIYers cherish freedom far more than security? Will paragliding be illegal some day soon?
Life is short, but mine is now richer having known the joys of flight and having looked across a wing tip at an eagle soaring or a majestic mountain shimmering in the magic sunlight of a summer sunset. There is still much to learn and much to see, and I have not earned my wings yet.
Thank you Lord, and thank you Marc for your help. Thank you friends and family for understanding how important it is for some to fly.
Now if I closed this short post leaving you with a blissful image of a Paraglider flying off into the sunset, what would you have to remember? Isn’t it better that I share this clip of Shannon and his passenger Linda. Shannon is a tandem pilot flying as part of Marc’s Seattle Paragliding Organization.
turn your speakers on, you gotta hear this!
Certainly you will be suprised to know that Linda came back for another flight. Yes, she even promised not to scream…. if only she could fly again!
I have lost track of the number of American and British DIYers who have seen these wonderfully simple trucks carrying loads that boggle the mind. They may not go fast, but they go everywhere and do it with great economy and efficiency.
Last picture, American Businessman and friend (John D.) was presented with this truck as his rental car while in China (a joke).
Thank you, Larry and John, for sharing these great pictures with other DIYers
When I look over the China-Truck page at utterpower, I think how fortunate a small farmer in China might feel owning such a contraption. David Bradley Marketed a 2W tractor in North America in the 40s-50s?, but I find the Chinese unit to be far heavier. The transaxle is a serious piece of equipment with steering brakes, and more. The tractor assembled weights 800 pounds, the transaxle probably weighs 300 pounds plus all by itself!
As you might guess, I have spent a good deal of time going over pictures of these work horses of China. Western Tourists, tell me they have seen tons of stuff in the attached trailers moving goods around villages and cities; often overloaded to some ridiculous point. We can see that the steering brakes might make all the difference with the tractor trailer combination and anyone who has driven a tractor will understand how easy it is to direct power to the wheel that can make use of it, or how to spin the tractor around with one wheel locked up.
As 2005 came to a close, I received a large crate, and inside I found the GN121Chinese 2W Tractor. Is it the perfect gift for the man who thought he had everything? Thanks Joel!
As I look over this piece of equipment, I see KISS engineering all over the design. One of the many things I like is the location of the clutch, it is inside the 3V input Pulley mounted high on the transaxle case. It is out in the open, and fully adjustable and rebuild able. Power is transferred from this pulley to the transaxle via a heavy double row chain, all enclosed; and run in oil. The transaxle has a high and low range and a three speed and reverse gear box, this gives us six forward, and two speeds in reverse.
One of the more interesting/useful attachments available is a rototiller, of interest is the third wheel and operators seat that trails the unit, with the approximate 1300 pound bulk of the combination, it looks like a Merry Tiller on Steroids!
The GN121 is normally powered by the 195 engine that makes 13.38 horsepower at 2200 RPMs, those that are familiar with this engine know it can make torque down low. This particular unit came with the luxury features, full sized battery, electric start, handle bar mounted start switch, headlights, alternator, and more. It would be easy enough to add a heater and AM radio for comfort and entertainment.
The instruction book written in a form of English talks about using the engine to drive pumps, threshers, and other loads with the engine, no doubt, this is commonly done by farmers and others who are fortunate enough to own such a workhorse, flip off the drive belt, flip on a drive shaft or belts, even dismount the VEE pulley, and mount a flat pulley for driving the old
I often think of the Farming family perched on top of the trailer loaded with fresh produce making their way into town. Unlike the animal that once pulled the cart, this unit has a head light, and allows the Farm family more time in town, as they can come back home on the headlight, and there’s even mention of a tail light and brake light for the trailer!
As I write, I think of the disabled Veteran who rode a consumer garden tractor across America, how many times did he have to replace those front wheels/bushings? I don’t recall if he had his reflective triangle outback, but the story I recall didn’t mention the Hi Way Patrol busting him for driving a unapproved unlicensed motor vehicle on the road or right of way.
As I think of this, I ponder morning coffee in Easton Washington, it is typical that the older guys in town get together on Saturday morning and BS, most of the world’s problems can be discussed here, and solutions are readily discovered. I have driven my Golf Cart to attend this important function on several occasions, This has caused me to ponder the Chinese 2W Tractor and trailer, I have the idea of being the first to show up at coffee driving same.
Maybe, I didn’t mention that this rototiller will hit 15KPH with stock gearing! Utterpower makes a new drive ring base with a 1.5 inch shaft that will accept an SK bushing, use this piece to mount a larger drive pulley, you might get a a speed of 25 miles an hour in top gear! Now this is darned fast for a rototiller..
Now all I need to do is figure out how the trailer is hooked up, if you have a good picture of the union, please think about sending it to me.
A very popular item in the UtterPower parts bin is our custom Thermostat Housing sold to hundreds of DIYers for Lister and Chinese horizontals.
Note: The world is not a static place, this thermostat fits the upper coolant port in most all of the CS engines I’ve seen to date, however; your engine may be different. If you bought a variant, especially a twin, there might be something new or different about the coolant flange. This one works in all the singles I’ve ever seen thus far, and if you engine uses the stock cooling flange and it is an unobstructed location—not in a tight spot between two cylinders for instance—this one should work.
All water cooled engines benefit from having the coolant held at the proper temp. A thermostat helps bring an engine up to temp quickly; this greatly reduces wear, and increases efficiency. Running an engine too cold is a waste of fuel and promotes wear.
Above: Here’s the UtterPower Thermostat Housing. It is made up by tapping this massively heavy flange base and fitting the standard one inch hose nipple. The assembly is then machined to receive a standard NAPA part number 253 thermostat. The heavy flange fits standard Listers, and is used on the Chinese horizontal engines for radiator/tank thermo siphon cooling systems.
Please note: Newer thermostat housings are not this pretty, they are bigger and better in my opinion. You’ll have to add pretty to your own.
The viagra tabs fact is, if you have an opinion it is going to be contrary to another man’s opinion.
There have been about four different people point out that there is a WEB SITE(s) that suggests having any kind of valve in the upper half of the thermo siphon loop is risky, and could cause problems if the valve sticks.
In the old days, this may have made more sense to me, an engine usually had an operator attending to the machine, he might be there to assure the engine warmed up, and was not run cold.
Fact is, any engine can benefit from a rapid warm up, and auto thermostats have been doing a great job for years. Engines that run cold burn excessive amounts of fuel, ring wear is accelerated, they form carbon deposits that can lead to burnt exhaust valves, and more! If you are worried about one sticking closed, ask for the safety thermostat, it’s a dollar or two more, but designed NOT to stick closed.
Closed thermo siphon loops accommodate antifreeze, anti rust compounds, and when a thermostat is added, the engine will run at a specific temperature and run more efficiently and live a longer life. That’s why millions upon millions of engines use them, and it makes no difference if it’s a properly designed thermal siphon system or one that uses a pump. Of course we know, that pump will fail sooner or later, and I get reports of them going out more often than we’d like to hear about.
It’s all about risks and rewards, I’ll take the thermostat any day!
He’s not afraid to travel! As part of his business research, you might find him in China, India, and places in between. His home and market is South Africa. His goal is to deliver reliable products for a fair price, and support them, too.
Above: Tony in Rajkot, State of Gujarat, India. Here he inspects the huge 22hp Indian Single prototype.
Tony shares that you will remember this engine once you see it run!
Please see our PMG pages, we don’t sell these pieces at this time, but it’s easy for you to make your own.
This plate has common hole centers of approximately 2 inches by six inches
Advantages of this kit
1. Increase reliability
2. Help to weather proof
3. Replace the lesser quality air cooled rectifier that supplies current to the field.
4. Eliminate the dog house that was principally designed to house an outdated rectifier.
Designed for those who want the Vintage look, (and/or) want to prepare their Gen head for running long hours, and to make use of the easy to find Western world regulator.
Note: this kit eliminates the doghouse, and there will be no place left on the generator to for the voltmeter. Most of us use the “Kill A Watt” and this is no longer desired or used. It is best to mount meters, etc, off the GEN head, and if you wish to keep it, place it on a panel off the generator head. And documentation provided is sent via email attachment, so please include your address.
When I suggested that people should flush the Chinese grease out of the bearings and replace it with good synthetic grease, there were folks who wrote me and said that this generator must really be an inferior piece of workmanship if you have to replace the grease. If this thought goes through your head , then you will really be alarmed by this kit, we actually throw away the sheet metal dog house. This is a job for people with some electrical skills, or people who will consult friends that have the skills!
Read the Utterpower ST manual that comes with this kit before you make the changes, it’s easier than falling down the stairs, but if you don’t think you can master crimping on the four provided lugs, don’t order it. You’ll also need to drill a hole in the end bell, the brush cover, or the top of the plate as shown here, and fit an approved electrical fitting to pass the power leads thru, (not provided) This will involve crimping the Gen power leads to the finely stranded wires to your first panel, and this kit does NOT include the crimps or insulation to make these power connections, sound like too much to do on your own? Don’t order the kit!
Modern Western designed diode bridges (rectifiers) are superior and they sink their heat to the material they are mounted too, this is a far better idea, and it means the part can be mounted in a tighter place, the package is far smaller, and it is easy to find replacements. There is plenty of room for the leads coming out of the stator to be crimped onto the leads leaving the head in the area directly below the cover. If you think you will have trouble making connections for the main leads, (crimping and insulating) don’t buy this kit!
The kit comes with a heavy precision cut steel plate that replaces the dog house, (measure yours first) the supplied highest quality rectifier is mounted to it via a 1/4 20 thread bolt. Modern Western push on connectors are supplied for the leads that attach to the bridge, instructions are included via email. You’ll also get a copy of the Utterpower ST manual IF you can receive email attachments, this is in PDF format. No crimps or lugs are supplied for the main power leads, but these are readily available from hardware stores. get rid of those copper lugs and pig tail crimp and insulate the power leads, and neutral leaving the head going to your breaker panel.
You end up with a nice clean looking package and you can toss the dog house in the trash where it belongs. Since most of us who make power use the KILL A WATT, the volt meter is no longer required, and the leads to the light bulb and switch are tossed out too. The folks that run these heads long hours have learned that this stuff is close to worthless, and removing it also removes potential points of failure. I have had readers report smoking the leads going to the somewhat stupid lamp in the doghouse, the leads to these lamps are carrying 240 volts, and they are no better than bell wire in some brands of ST heads.
This is all part of the KISS principle, remove the stuff that’s not necessary, and never mount stuff like a voltmeter on the head itself if you can help it. I find it all too easy to plug in the KILL A WATT off the set, and since it is often $28, we can afford to use one at the generator and one at the load end so we can monitor what’s going on there. If you are not familiar with the Kill A WATT, use it in a WEB SEARCH.
Above : Utterpower ST KIT Installed (EXAMPLE)
Custom stainless steel cover not included
Above bottom side, stock gasket from doghouse reused, shown is steel plate fitted with fitting for metal conduit.
One of the most helpful utilities I’ve found is Convert.exe. This utility can help steer you towards reality when it comes to expectations, just drop it on your desktop where it’s handy. You should be able to find this by entering it into a search engine, my links have been breaking, so I removed it from here.
Are you thinking of blending or making a fuel for your diesel? Try here.
Need a formula to figure pulley sizes ?
D2 = D1 x N1
_______
N2
D1= Diameter of pulley on engine
D2= Diameter of pulley on generator
N1= RPM of engine
N2= RPM of generator
1 HP = 33,000 foot-pounds per minute (550 foot-pounds per second).
Torque (in foot-pounds) = BHP x 5,250 / RPM
BHP = Torque(in foot-pounds) x RPM / 5,250
BHP = torque (inch-pounds) x RPM / 63,025
1 Btu = 778 foot-pounds
1 HP = 2,544 Btus
1 KW = 1.34 h.p.
1 KW = 3,413 Btus
100 cubic inches = 1.64 liters
